What Is The Hebrew Word For Build

Semitic-speaking Israelites, especially in the pre-monarchic flow

Judaean prisoners being deported into exile to other parts of the Assyrian empire. Wall relief from the Due south-West Palace at Nineveh (modern-24-hour interval Ninawa Governorate, Iraq), Mesopotamia. Neo-Assyrian period, 700-692 BCE. The British Museum, London.

The terms Hebrews (Hebrew: עבריים‎ / עִבְרִים‎, Modern: ʿĪvrīm / ʿĪvrīyyīm , Tiberian: ʿĪḇrīm / ʿĪḇrīyyīm ; ISO 259-3: ʕibrim / ʕibriyim ) and Hebrew people are more often than not considered synonymous with the Semitic-speaking Israelites, specially in the pre-monarchic period when they were still nomadic. However, in some instances it may also be used in a wider sense, referring to the Phoenicians, or to other aboriginal groups, such as the group known as Shasu of Yhw on the eve of the Bronze Age collapse,^[1] which appears 34 times within 32 verses^[2] ^[3] ^[4] of the Hebrew Bible. It is sometimes regarded as an ethnonym^[5] and sometimes not.^[6] ^[seven]

Past the time of the Roman Empire, Greek Hebraios could refer to the Jews in full general, as Strong's Hebrew Dictionary puts it, "whatsoever of the Jewish Nation",^[8] and at other times more specifically to the Jews living in Judea. In early on Christianity, the Greek term Ἑβραῖος refers to Jewish Christians as opposed to the gentile Christians and Judaizers (Acts 6:1 among others). Ἰουδαία is the province where the Temple was located.

In Armenian, Italian, Greek, the Kurdish languages, Former French, Serbian, Russian, Romanian and a few other languages, the transfer of the name from Hebrew to Jew never took place, and "Hebrew" is the primary word used for a Jew.^[9] ^[10] ^[11]

With the revival of the Hebrew language and the emergence of the Hebrew Yishuv, the term has been applied to the Jewish people of this re-emerging social club in Israel or the Jewish people in general.

Etymology [edit]

The definitive origin of the term "Hebrew" remains uncertain.^[12] The biblical term Ivri ( עברי ; Hebrew pronunciation: [ʕivˈri]), meaning "to traverse" or "to pass over", is usually rendered as Hebrew in English language, from the aboriginal Greek Ἑβραῖος and the Latin Hebraeus. The biblical word Ivri has the plural form Ivrim, or Ibrim.

The most generally accepted hypothesis today^[thirteen] ^[14] ^[fifteen] is that the text intends ivri as the adjective (Hebrew suffix -i) formed from ever (עֵבֶר) 'across, beyond' (avar (עָבַר) 'to cross, to traverse'), equally a clarification of migrants 'from across the river' as the Bible describes the Hebrews.^[sixteen] It is also supported by the 3rd century BCE Septuagint, which translates ivri to perates (περατής),^[17] a Greek give-and-take meaning 'ane who came across, a migrant',^[18] from perao (περάω) 'to cross, to traverse',^[19] likewise as some early traditional commentary.^[20] Gesenius considers information technology the only linguistically acceptable hypothesis.^[21] The description of peoples and nations from their location 'from across the river' (frequently the river Euphrates, sometimes the Hashemite kingdom of jordan river) was mutual in this region of the ancient Most-East:^[22] it appears as eber nari in Akkadian^[23] ^[24] and avar nahara in Aramaic (both respective to Hebrew always nahar), the Aramaic expression'south utilise being quoted verbatim in the Bible, for example in an Aramaic letter of the alphabet sent to the King of Persia in the Book of Ezra^[25] or in the Book of Nehemiah,^[26] sometimes rendered as Trans-Euphrates.^[27]

Ramesses Three prisoner tiles depicting Canaanite and Shasu leaders as captives. Most archaeologists regard the Hebrews as local Canaanite refugees and possibly some Shasu settling down in the hill-country.^[28] ^[29] ^[30]

Genesis ten:21 refers to Shem, the elderberry brother of Ham and Japheth and thus the first-built-in son of Noah, as the father of the sons of Eber (עבר), which may have a similar meaning.

Some authors^{[ which? ]} fence that Ibri denotes the descendants of the biblical patriarch Eber (Hebrew עבר), son of Shelah, a great-grandson of Noah and an ancestor of Abraham,^[31] hence the occasional anglicization Eberites.

Since the 19th-century CE discovery of the 2nd-millennium BCE inscriptions mentioning the Habiru, many theories have linked these to the Hebrews. Some scholars argue that the name "Hebrew" is related to the proper name of those seminomadic Habiru people recorded in Egyptian inscriptions of the 13th and 12th centuries BCE as having settled in Egypt.^[32] Other scholars rebut this, proposing that the Hebrews are mentioned in after texts of the 3rd Intermediate Period of Egypt (11th century BCE) every bit Shasu of Yhw,^[33] while some scholars^[34] consider these ii hypotheses uniform, Ḫabiru being a generic Akkadian course parallel to Hebrew ʿivri from the Akkadian equivalent of ʿever 'beyond, across' describing foreign peoples 'from across the river',^[35] where the alphabetic character ayin (ʿ) in Hebrew corresponds to ḫ in Akkadian^[36] (as in Hebrew cypheraʿ corresponding to Akkadian zuru ḫ ^[37]).

Use as synonym for "Israelites" [edit]

In the Hebrew Bible, the term Hebrew is normally used past foreigners (namely, the Egyptians) when speaking almost Israelites and sometimes used past Israelites when speaking of themselves to foreigners,^[38] although Saul does apply the term for his fellow countrymen in 1 Samuel 13:3. In Genesis 11:16–26, Abram is described as a descendant of Eber; Josephus states "Eber" was the patriarch that Hebrew was named after proceeding from the Tower of Babel at the time of Eber'due south son Peleg, from which Hebrew would somewhen go derived.^[39] ^[40]

In Genesis xiv:13, Abraham is described as Avram Ha-Ivri ("Abram the Hebrew"), and which translates literally as "Abram the i who stands on the other side."

Israelites are defined every bit the descendants of Jacob, son of Isaac, grandson of Abraham. Eber, an ancestor of Jacob (vii generations removed), is a distant ancestor of many peoples, including the Israelites, Ishmaelites, Edomites, Moabites, Ammonites, Midianites, Amalekites and Qahtanites.

According to the Jewish Encyclopedia the terms Hebrews and Israelites usually depict the same people, stating that they were called Hebrews before the conquest of the Country of Canaan and Israelites afterwards.^[41] Professor Nadav Na'aman and others say that the use of the word "Hebrew" to refer to Israelites is rare and when used it is used "to Israelites in exceptional and precarious situations, such as migrants or slaves."^[42] ^[43]

Use equally synonym for "Jews" [edit]

Past the Roman menses, "Hebrews" could be used to designate the Jews, who apply the Hebrew language.^[44] The Epistle to the Hebrews, i of the books of the New Testament, was probably directed at Jewish Christians.^{[ commendation needed ]}

In some modern languages, including Armenian, Greek, Italian, Romanian, and many Slavic languages, the name Hebrews (with linguistic variations) is the standard ethnonym for Jews; simply in many other languages in which both terms exist, it is currently considered derogatory to telephone call Jews "Hebrews".^[45] ^[46]

Among sure left-wing or liberal circles of Judaic cultural lineage, the word "Hebrew" is used as an alternatively secular description of the Jewish people (e.chiliad., Bernard Avishai's The Hebrew Republic or left-fly wishes for a "Hebrew-Arab" joint cultural republican land).

Use in Zionism [edit]

First in the late 19th century, the term "Hebrew" became popular amidst secular Zionists; in this context the word alluded to the transformation of the Jews into a strong, independent, self-confident secular national group ("the New Jew") sought by classical Zionism. This utilize died out after the establishment of the state of Israel, when "Hebrew" was replaced with "Jew" or "Israeli".^[47]

References [edit]

Bibliography [edit]

Ancient Judaism, Max Weber, Free Press, 1967, ISBN 0-02-934130-two
Zeitlin, Solomon (1953). "The Names Hebrew, Jew and Israel: A Historical Study". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 43 (4): 365–379. doi:10.2307/1453236. JSTOR 1453236.
Richard Kugelman, "Hebrew, Israelite, Jew in the New Testament." In The Bridge: A Yearbook of Judaeo-Christian Studies, Vol. 1, edited by John Yard. Oesterreicher and Barry Ulanov, 204–224. New York: Pantheon Books, 1955.
Harvey, Graham (2001). The True State of israel: Uses of the Names Jew, Hebrew, and Israel in Ancient Jewish and Early Christian Literature. BRILL. ISBN0-391-04119-3.

Notes [edit]

^ "Index of /epsd". psd.museum.upenn.edu . Retrieved March 3, 2019.
^ "Genesis 1:1 (KJV)". Blue Letter Bible . Retrieved March 3, 2019.
^ "עִבְרִי - Hebrew - 4.ri - H5680 - Word search - ESV - STEP". www.stepbible.org . Retrieved March 3, 2019.
^ Brown; Driver; Briggs; Gesenius (1952). The NAS Old Testament Hebrew Lexicon. Oxford University Press. ISBN0-198-64301-two . Retrieved September 6, 2014.
^ Douglas Knight, "Hebrews", The Oxford Companion to the Bible: "An ethnic term, it antedated the common sociopolitical names Israel or Judah in the monarchic period, as well as the more ethnoreligious appellative Jew in subsequently times."
^ Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible, p.567, "Hebrew, Hebrews... A non-indigenous term"
^ Collapse of the Statuary Age, p. 266, quote: "Stance has sharply swung abroad from the view that the Apiru were the earliest Israelites in part considering Apiru was not an ethnic term nor were Apiru an ethnic group."
^ "Genesis 1:1 (NKJV)". Blue Alphabetic character Bible . Retrieved March 3, 2019.
^ Ambassador. "Jewish Museum of Venice - homepage". Museoebraico.it. Archived from the original on August 17, 2012. Retrieved August iv, 2012.
^ "Jewish Ghetto of Venice". Ghetto.it. Retrieved August 4, 2012.
^ Yann Picand, Dominique Dutoit. "translation of evreiesc in English | Romanaian-English lexicon". Translation.sensagent.com. Retrieved August iv, 2012.
^ "Hebrew". Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago. 2009.
^ Gesenius, H. W. F. (ed.). "Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Erstwhile Attestation".
^ "Genesis xiv:13". Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges.
^ Ernest, Klein (ed.). "A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Hebrew Language for Readers of English".
^ "Joshua 24:3 But I took your begetter Abraham from beyond the Euphrates and led him through all the land of Canaan, and I multiplied his descendants. I gave him Isaac". biblehub.com . Retrieved August 4, 2020.
^ "Abram the Hebrew = Αβραμ τῷ περάτῃ".
^ A Greek-English language Lexicon, Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dperath%2Fs
^ "Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Dictionary, περάω". www.perseus.tufts.edu . Retrieved August 4, 2020.
'^ "Bereishit Rabah 42:8, on the beginning mention of the word ivri in the Bible, the words 'Abram the ivri of Genesis 14:13".
^ Wilhelm Gesenius. Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar.
^ Beattie, D. R. Chiliad.; Davies, Philip R. (March 1, 2011). "What Does Hebrew Hateful?1". Journal of Semitic Studies. 56 (1): 71–83. doi:x.1093/jss/fgq059. ISSN 0022-4480.
^ A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian, Jeremy Black, Andrew George, Nicholas Postgate, page 64
^ Example: definition of eber nari in Akkadian-language Treaty of Esarhaddon King of Assyria with Baal King of Tyre (British Museum, London, UK)
^ Ezra four:xi, New American Standard Bible: "To Male monarch Artaxerxes: Your servants, the men in the region across the River" (Aramaic: enash avar nahara) https://biblehub.com/ezra/4-eleven.htm https://www.sefaria.org.il/Ezra.4.11?lang=he
^ "Nehemiah 2:7 Hebrew Text Assay". biblehub.com . Retrieved August 4, 2020.
^ "Nehemiah 2:seven in the New International Version translation: "may I have letters to the governors of Trans-Euphrates"". biblehub.com . Retrieved August four, 2020.
^ "Shasu or Habiru: Who Were the Early Israelites?". The BAS Library. August 24, 2015. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
^ "Israelites as Canaanites". world wide web.fsmitha.com . Retrieved March 3, 2019.
^ "Inside, Outside: Where Did the Early Israelites Come From?". The BAS Library. August 24, 2015. Retrieved March iii, 2019.
^ "EBER - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com . Retrieved March 3, 2019.
^ "Hebrew - people". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved March 3, 2019.
^ Rainey, Anson (November 2008). "Shasu or Habiru. Who Were the Early on Israelites?". Biblical Archaeology Review. Biblical Archaeology Social club. 34 (6 (Nov/Dec)).
^ "Klein Dictionary, עִבְרִי". www.sefaria.org . Retrieved Baronial four, 2020.
^ run into above the word of the Akkadian and Aramaic expressions eber nari and avar nahara respectively, corresponding to Hebrew ever nahar, being widely used in the ancient Nigh-East.
^ Klein, Ernest (1971). A Comprehensive Etymological Lexicon Of The English language Language. p. 692.
^ "Search Entry". world wide web.assyrianlanguages.org . Retrieved August iv, 2020.
^ William David. Reyburn - Euan McG. Fry - A Handbook on Genesis - New York - United Bible Societies - 1997
^ Flavius Josephus - Antiquities of The Jews, Book I, Chapter Half-dozen, Paragraph 4: Greek: Ἀρφαξάδου δὲ παῖς γίνεται Σάλης, τοῦ δὲ Ἕβερος, ἀφ᾽ οὗ τοὺς Ἰουδαίους Ἑβραίους ἀρχῆθεν ἐκάλουν: Ἕβερος δὲ Ἰούκταν καὶ Φάλεγον ἐγέννησεν: ἐκλήθη δὲ Φάλεγος, ἐπειδὴ κατὰ τὸν ἀποδασμὸν τῶν οἰκήσεων τίκτεται: φαλὲκ γὰρ τὸν μερισμὸν Ἑβραῖοι καλοῦσιν., lit.'Sala was the son of Arphaxad; and his son was Heber, from whom they originally chosen the Jews Hebrews. Heber begat Joetan and Phaleg: he was chosen Phaleg, because he was built-in at the dispersion of the nations to their several countries; for Phaleg among the Hebrews signifies division.'
^ 'To Eber were born two sons: the name of the one was Peleg, for in his days the earth (erets) was divided' (Genesis 10:25)
^ "HEBREW". Jewishe Encyclopedia . Retrieved March 3, 2019.
^ Carolyn Pressler (2009). "Wives and Daughters, Bond and Free: Views of Women in the Slave Laws of Exodus 21.2-11". In Bernard Grand. Levinson; Victor H. Matthews; Tikva Frymer-Kensky (eds.). Gender and Constabulary in the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East . p. 152. ISBN978-0567545008.
^ Carvalho, Corrine L. (2010). Encountering Aboriginal Voices: A Guide to Reading the Old Attestation. Anselm Bookish. p. 68. ISBN978-1599820507.
^ "Hebrews". Retrieved March 3, 2019 – via The Free Lexicon.
^ Yitzhaq Feder, in an online-article (c. 2013), "Don't Call Me Hebrew! The Mysterious Origins of the First Anti-Semitic Slur" suggests the term'southward present-twenty-four hours derogatory quality goes back to the origins of writing about the Jewish people.
^ E. Chiliad. Kraeling, "The Origin of the Name Hebrews", American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures 58/3 (July 1941): 237-253.
^ Shavit, Yaacov (1987). The New Hebrew Nation. Routledge. pp. fourteen. ISBN0-7146-3302-X.